Course Title: Microprocessor and Computer Architecture
Course No: BIT151
Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab
Semester: II
Course Description
This course introduces the fundamentals of microprocessor
and computer architecture. It covers instruction cycles, microprocessor
components, Intel 8085, and assembly programming, providing a foundation for
understanding modern computer systems.
Course Objectives
The primary goal is to equip students with a solid
understanding of:
- Microprocessor components and architecture (SAP1 and
SAP2).
- Assembly language programming using Intel 8085.
- Instruction cycles, timing diagrams, control units, RISC,
CISC, Direct Memory Access, interrupts, and interfaces.
Course Contents
Unit 1: Introduction
to Microprocessor (6 Hrs.)
1. Definition & Components:
- Registers, ALU,
Control & Timing Units, System Buses (Address, Data, Control), Bus
Organization in Microprocessor Systems.
2. SAP-1 Architecture:
- Block diagram,
functions of components, and instructions (LDA, ADD, SUB, OUT, HLT).
- Timing diagram:
Fetch cycle (Address, Increment, Memory states) and execution cycle of
LDA.
3. SAP-2 Architecture:
- Block diagram,
functions, and differences from SAP-1 (Bidirectional registers, flags).
Unit 2: Intel 8085 (8
Hrs.)
1. Architecture and Pin Configuration:
- Functional block
diagram, registers, flags, address/data buses, control unit, and
interrupts.
2. 8085 Instructions:
- Data transfer:
MOV, IN, OUT, STA, etc.
- Arithmetic &
logic: ADD, SUB, AND, OR, etc.
- Branching: JMP,
JNZ, JZ, etc.
3. Assembly Language Programming:
- Programs for
arithmetic operations, array sorting, base conversions, and looping.
Unit 3: Micro
Operations (3 Hrs.)
1. Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, increment,
decrement (hardware implementation).
2. Logic Operations: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc., and their
hardware implementation.
3. Shift Operations: Logical, circular, and arithmetic
shifts.
Unit 4: Control Unit
and CPU (9 Hrs.)
1. Control Unit: Hardwired vs. microprogrammed control,
timing signals.
2. Microprogramming: Micro-operations, micro-instructions
(FETCH, ADD).
3. Basic Computer Architecture: Register organization,
common bus system, instruction formats, stacks.
4. RISC and CISC: Differences and applications.
Unit 5: Fixed-point
Arithmetic (5 Hrs.)
1. Signed Number Representation: Signed magnitude, 1’s
complement, 2’s complement.
2. Arithmetic Operations: Addition/subtraction with
examples, hardware implementation.
3. Multiplication Algorithms: Booth's algorithm
(examples).
4. Division Algorithms: Restoring division with hardware
implementation.
Unit 6: Input and
Output Organization (4 Hrs.)
1. Peripheral Devices: I/O interfaces, isolated vs.
memory-mapped I/O.
2. Direct Memory Access (DMA): Introduction and basic
procedures.
3. I/O Processors: Character- and bit-oriented
protocols.
Unit 7: Memory
Organization (6 Hrs.)
1. Memory Hierarchy: Primary (RAM, ROM), secondary (magnetic
disks), address mapping.
2. Virtual Memory: Paging, page faults, and page
replacement.
3. Memory Management Hardware: Segmented page mapping and
protection mechanisms.
Unit 8: Pipelining (4
Hrs.)
1. Pipelining Concepts: Flynn’s classification, speed-up
ratio.
2. Arithmetic Pipelines: Floating-point operations.
3. Instruction Pipelines: Four-segment pipeline, data
dependency, branch handling.
Laboratory Work
8085 Trainer Kit
Tasks:
1. Data transfer and swapping programs.
2. 8-bit and 16-bit addition and subtraction.
3. 8-bit division and multiplication.
Simulator-Based Tasks:
1. Sequence generation (odd/even, multiples).
2. BCD to ASCII conversion.
3. Array searching (largest/smallest value).
4. Array sorting (ascending/descending).
5. Bitwise operations (AND, OR, XOR), RLC, RRC.
Textbooks
1. Ramesh S. Gaonkar: Microprocessor Architecture,
Programming, and Applications with 8085
2. Morris Mano: Computer System Architecture
Reference Books
1. Malvino: Digital Computer System Electronics
2. Douglas V. Hall: Microprocessor and Interfacing
Programming and Hardware
This course integrates theoretical understanding with
practical skills, fostering expertise in microprocessor programming and
computer architecture essentials.
